![]() Similarly, amino acid metabolites are positively related to cardiometabolic risk markers (CRM) in children, adolescents, and young adults, albeit with a few exceptions. These BMI-related changes in amino acid profiles might be a consequence of higher or lower intake of specific protein-containing foods 18, changes in the activities of catabolizing host and/or bacterial enzymes 18, 19, changes in the redox status of the adipose tissue and liver 19, and down-regulation of the expression of adipose tissue amino acid metabolizing enzymes and uptake of amino acids by adipose tissue 20. ![]() Some of these findings are restricted to males 14, 17. Conversely, negative association between BMI and leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine, serine, and citrulline 4, glutamine 9, indole-3-propionic acid 16, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid 17 are also documented. Therefore, it would be necessary to explore the link of high BMI, amino acid metabolites, and cardiometabolic abnormalities.Įpidemiological studies in children and adolescents have reported positive association between BMI and biofluid amino acid and/or their metabolites such as alanine 8, 9, valine 8, 9, 10, leucine 8, 10, 11, isoleucine 8, 10, 11, phenylalanine 8, 11, tyrosine 8, 9, 11, histidine 8, cysteine 12, tryptophan-derived metabolites 13, kynurenic acid 9, 11, kynurenine 11, the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (KTR, an index of increased metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway) 14, lysine, methionine, γ-glutamyltyrosine, asparagine, glycine, serine 11, and branched-chain amino acids 15. Scientific efforts have focused on carbohydrate and lipid metabolic perturbations as one of these mechanisms, interest in the impact of unfavorable alterations in protein/amino acid metabolism is now emerging 6, 7. Dysregulated metabolism is one of the biological mechanisms through which high BMI contributes to the development of these cardiometabolic abnormalities 4, 5. The condition contributes to the development of cardiometabolic abnormalities such as inflammation over the life course 3. High body mass index (BMI) during childhood and adolescence is still a major public health concern 1, 2. Taken together, our data suggest that indole metabolites, and their gut bacteria producers play potentially important roles in overweight-related inflammation. Long-term overweight from childhood into late adolescence is associated with decreased urinary levels of gut bacteria-derived indole-3-acetic acid, and several urinary amino acids, including gut bacteria-derived indole-3-carboxaldehyde are associated with elevated CRP later on in life. No associations were observed in females. Further, methionine, isoleucine, tryptophan, xanthurenic acid, and indole-3-carboxaldehyde were negatively associated with C-reactive protein (CRP), but 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid was positively associated with CRP. Males with long-term overweight had lower indole-3-acetic acid when compared to others. Using data from the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study (111 males and 107 females), we prospectively investigated relations between repeatedly measured urinary levels of 33 metabolites and (1) previously identified long-term BMI trajectory groups from childhood into late adolescence and (2) cardiometabolic risk markers in late adolescence–young adulthood, in sex-specific linear mixed regression models. ![]() Moreover, little is presently known about the impact of long-term high BMI. However, prospective investigations regarding these associations are few, particularly among young individuals. ![]() Amino acid metabolites in biofluids are associated with high body mass index (BMI) and cardiometabolic abnormalities. ![]()
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